Khilafat e Andalus By Nawab Zulqadr Jang Bahadur Pdf Book Free Download
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| File Size: 14MB | File Type: Pdf | Pages: 570 | Category: Islam |
Khilafat e Andalus is a beautiful Islamic history pdf book written by Nawab Zulqadr Jang Bahadur. Al-Andalus also was known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent in the 8th century, southern France—Septimania—was briefly under its control. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by the Muslims.
Following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units, corresponding roughly to modern Andalusia, Portugal and Galicia, Castile and León, Navarre, Aragon, the County of Barcelona, and Septimania. As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I; the Emirate of Córdoba; the Caliphate of Córdoba; and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa, successor kingdoms. The rule under these kingdoms led to a rise in cultural exchange and cooperation between Muslims and Christians. Christians and Jews were subject to a special tax called Jizya, to the state, which in return provided internal autonomy in practicing their religion and offered the same level of protection by the Muslim rulers.
Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a beacon of learning, and the city of Córdoba, the largest in Europe, became one of the leading cultural and economic centers throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Islamic world. A number of achievements that advanced Islamic and Western science came from al-Andalus, including major advances in trigonometry, astronomy, surgery, pharmacology, and other fields. Al-Andalus became a major educational center for Europe and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea as well as a conduit for culture and science between the Islamic and Christian worlds.
The Umayyad conquest of Hispania was the initial expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania, largely extending from 711 to 788. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the independent Emirate of Córdoba under Abd ar-Rahman I, who completed the unification of Muslim-ruled Iberia, or al-Andalus (756–788). The conquest marks the westernmost expansion of both the Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim rule into Europe.
Khilafat e Andalus covers the great glorious period of Muslim rulers who rule into Europe. During their era Andalus becomes a major educational center for Europe and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. Khilafat e Andalus highlights the Muslim ruler's achievements and historical incidents in a beautiful way.
