1 Gene technology involves altering the genes in an organism, which is then said to be genetically modifi ed. 2 The usual way of genetically modifying bacteria is to insert a plasmid containing the desired gene into them. 3 The steps involved in the production of bacteria capable of synthesising human insulin...

There are social implications related to using genetically modified organisms in food production.modified crop plants become agricultural weeds and invade crop habitatsintoduced gene(s) may be transferred by pollen:             - to wild relatives --> more invasive hybrid offspring ...

Genetic technology can provide benefits in, for example, agriculture and medicine, but has the associated risk of the escape of the gene concerned into organisms other than the intended host.Herbicide resistant cropsFields of crops are sprayed with herbicide to kill weeds that compete for space, light, water, and ions...

Gene therapy: treatment of a genetic disorder by altering a person's genotype (insert functional alleles of genes into cells)Common vectors:virus: retrovirus, lentivirus, HIV, adeno-associated virus (AAV)liposomes - small spheres of phospholipidsnaked DNA- retrovirus: inserts genes randomly into host's genome. If the gene...

Genetic engineering is improving the quality (nutrition) and yield of crop plants and livestock  --> therefore is solving the demand for food in the world1. Golden Rice- genetically modified rice produces large quantities of β-carotene in endosperm --> human cells convert β-carotene to Vitamin A- Golden Rice...

Genetic screening: analysis of a person's DNA to check for the presence of a particular allele* available for adults, fetus, embryo,...- BRCA1 and BRCA2: faulty alleles that lead to breast and ovarian cancer in females and breast cancer in males ---> elective vasectomy- pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD):carry...

Bioinformatics is the collecting, processing and analysis of biological information and data using computer software.Bioinformatics build databases which hold gene sequences and sequences of complete genomes. These sequences can be matched --> calculate degrees of similarity (close similarities indicate recent...

Genetic markers uses enzymes that produces fluorescent substances. There used to be antibiotic resistance gene markers, but there was the chance that they would spread the antibiotic resistance to other new strains of bacteria.Genetic markersGreen fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish:gene inserted into plasmid -->...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis both work with molecules. Both these procedures are needed for forensic science.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - rapid production of a large number of copies of a particular DNA fragmentDNA is denatured at 95 degrees Celcius --> separate DNA strands to expose...