1 Gene technology involves altering the genes in an organism, which is then said to be genetically modifi ed. 2 The usual way of genetically modifying bacteria is to insert a plasmid containing the desired gene into them. 3 The steps involved in the production of bacteria capable of synthesising human insulin...

1 All living organisms may be classified into one of the five kingdoms: prokaryotes, protoctists, fungi, plants and animals.2 Biodiversity includes the range of habitats (environments) and species in an area, and the genetic diversity within a species.3 There are moral and ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity,...

1 Genetic variation within a population is the raw material on which natural selection can act. 2 Meiosis, random mating and the random fusion of gametes produce genetic variation within populations of sexually reproducing organisms. Variation is also caused by the interaction of the environment with genetic factors,...

1 Meiosis consists of two divisions. The first division, meiosis I, separates the homologous chromosomes, so that each cell now has only one of each pair. The second division, meiosis II, separates the chromatids of each chromosome. Meiotic division therefore produces four cells, each with one complete set of chromosomes.2...